The influence of hemodialysis on intracranial pressure waveform in patients with chronic kidney disease: an observational study

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Among the complications related to chronic kidney disease (CKD), those of a neurological nature stand out, and for a better quality of life for patients, the diagnosis and treatment of these complications is fundamental. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to assess the effect of hemodialysis on intracranial pressure waveform (ICPw) in patients with chronic kidney disease undergoing hemodialysis and those who are not yet undergoing substitutive therapy. DESIGN AND SETTING: An observational study was conducted in two stages at a kidney replacement therapy center in Brazil. The first was a longitudinal study and the second was a cross-sectional study. METHODS: Forty-two patients on hemodialysis were included in the first stage of the study. In the second stage, 226 participants were included. Of these, 186 were individuals with chronic kidney disease (who were not undergoing substitutive therapy), and 40 did not have the disease (control group). The participants' intracranial compliance was assessed using the non-invasive Brain4care method, and the results were compared between the groups. RESULTS: There was a significant difference between the hemodialysis and non-hemodialysis groups, with the former having better ICPw conditions. CONCLUSIONS: Hemodialysis influenced the improvement in ICPw, probably due to the decrease in the patients' extra-and intracellular volumes. Furthermore, ICPw monitoring can be a new parameter to consider when defining the moment to start substitutive therapy.

Optic nerve sheath fenestration: A second lease at sight

Purpose: To study the safety and efficacy of optic nerve sheath fenestration surgery in patients with optic disc edema due to different etiologies. Methods: Records of 18 eyes of 15 patients who underwent optic nerve sheath fenestration for vision threatening optic disc edema were reviewed retrospectively, and results were analyzed. Improvement of visual acuity was the main measure of outcome. Improved visual fields, resolution of optic disc edema, diplopia, and headache were other benefits that were observed. Results: Fifteen patients between 13 and 54 years of age were included in the study. Three patients underwent successive bilateral surgery. Idiopathic intracranial hypertension was the most common cause for optic disc edema and was found in 80% of the patients. Mean preoperative logMAR acuity was ?1.9789 ± 1.46270, which improved to ?0.9022 ± 1.23181 (p < 0.005) in the operated eye, and mean logMAR acuity of contralateral eye improved from ?1.3378 ± 1.50107 to ?1.0667 ± 1.33813 (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Early optic nerve sheath fenestration is an effective modality for treating optic disc edema due to a wide myriad of causes and helps resolve the associated symptoms.

Efectos cerebrales del oxígeno y el dióxido de carbono en el síndrome de dificultad respiratoria aguda

Introducción: El síndrome de dificultad respiratoria aguda producido por la COVID-19 provoca alteraciones en el intercambio de oxígeno y la excreción de dióxido de carbono con consecuencias neurológicas. Objetivo: Describir las implicaciones del oxígeno y el dióxido de carbono sobre la dinámica cerebral durante el tratamiento ventilatorio del síndrome de dificultad respiratoria aguda en el accidente cerebrovascular. Métodos: Se realizó una búsqueda en bases referenciales como: PubMed/Medline, SciELO, Google Académico y BVS Cuba. Los términos incluidos fueron brain-lung crosstalk, ARDS, mechanical ventilation, COVID-19 related stroke, ARDS related stroke y su traducción al español. Fueron referenciados libros de neurointensivismo y ventilación mecánica artificial. El período de búsqueda incluyó los últimos 20 años. Se seleccionaron 46 bibliografías que cumplieron con los criterios de selección. Resultados: Se ha descrito que los niveles de oxígeno y dióxido de carbono participan en la neurorregulación vascular en pacientes con daño cerebral. Algunas alteraciones alusivas son la vasodilatación cerebral refleja o efectos vasoconstrictores con reducción de la presión de perfusión cerebral. Como consecuencia aumenta la presión intracraneal y aparecen afectaciones neurocognitivas, isquemia cerebral tardía o herniación del tronco encefálico. Conclusiones: El control de la oxigenación y la excreción de dióxido de carbono resultaron cruciales para mantener la homeostasis neuronal, evita la disminución de la presión de perfusión cerebral y el aumento de la presión intracraneal. Se sugiere evitar la hipoxemia e hiperoxemia, limitar o eludir la hipercapnia y usar hiperventilación hipocápnica solo en condiciones de herniación del tallo encefálico.

Introduction: The acute respiratory distress syndrome produced by COVID-19 causes alterations in the exchange of oxygen and the excretion of carbon dioxide with neurological consequences. Objective: To describe the implications of oxygen and carbon dioxide on brain dynamics during ventilatory treatment of acute respiratory distress syndrome in stroke. Methods: A search was carried out in referential bases such as PubMed/Medline, SciELO, Google Scholar and VHL Cuba. The terms included were brain-lung crosstalk, ARDS, mechanical ventilation, COVID-19 related stroke, ARDS related stroke and their translation into Spanish. Books on neurointensive care and artificial mechanical ventilation were referenced. The search period included the last 20 years. Forty six bibliographies that met the selection criteria were selected. Results: Oxygen and carbon dioxide levels have been described to participate in vascular neuroregulation in patients with brain damage. Some allusive alterations are reflex cerebral vasodilatation or vasoconstrictor effects with reduced cerebral perfusion pressure. As a consequence, intracranial pressure increases and neurocognitive impairments, delayed cerebral ischemia or brainstem herniation appear. Conclusions: The control of oxygenation and the excretion of carbon dioxide were crucial to maintain neuronal homeostasis, avoiding the decrease in cerebral perfusion pressure and the increase in intracranial pressure. It is suggested to avoid hypoxemia and hyperoxemia, limit or avoid hypercapnia, and use hypocapnic hyperventilation only in conditions of brainstem herniation.

CLINICAL PROFILE IN PATIENTS WITH CEREBRAL VENOUS SINUS THROMBOSIS IN TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL: A CROSS SECTIONAL STUDY

CVST often creates challenges regarding diagnosis among physicians, due to the nonspeci?c symptoms and countless presentation and absence of uniform symptoms. This study aims to understand current knowledge about CSVT including its pathogenesis, etiogenesis, clinical profile, diagnosis, and treatment. A Methods: descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in the department of neurology at tertiary care hospital, Mumbai between January, 2021 and June 2022. This study was approved by institutional ethics committee. All patients who were more than 18 years with diagnosis of cerebral venous sinus thrombosis, admitted to critical care unit of neurology department were included in this study and those with bleeding disorder and prior anticoagulation therapy, already diagnosed with CVST were excluded. CVST was 3 times more common in females than in m Results: ales and the age group of 21 to 30 years was more common affected. Headache was the most common symptom seen and papilledema was the most common sign. In females puerperium was the main cause of CVST. Superior sagittal sinus and right transverse sinus were the most common sinuses involved as seen on Computed tomography(CT)venography/Magnetic resonance venography(MRV)and common finding was venous infarct. The mortality rate was 16%. Patients with Isolated intracranial hypertension syndrome(ICH) had good outcome. Variables like age ?35 years, GCS score of <8 and coma at presentation were associated with poor prognosis. CVST has a wide range of cli Conclusion nical presentation. The prognosis is good in CVST but early diagnosis with treatment and care is required in patients with poor prognostic factors.

The use of noninvasive measurements of intracranial pressure in patients with traumatic brain injury: a narrative review / Avaliação não invasiva da pressão intracraniana em pacientes com traumatismo cranioencefálico: uma revisão narrativa

Abstract Background The most frequent cause of death in neurosurgical patients is due to the increase in intracranial pressure (ICP); consequently, adequate monitoring of this parameter is extremely important. Objectives In this study, we aimed to analyze the accuracy of noninvasive measurement methods for intracranial hypertension (IH) in patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI). Methods The data were obtained from the PubMed database, using the following terms: intracranial pressure, noninvasive, monitoring, assessment, and measurement. The selected articles date from 1980 to 2021, all of which were observational studies or clinical trials, in English and specifying ICP measurement in TBI. At the end of the selection, 21 articles were included in this review. Results The optic nerve sheath diameter (ONSD), pupillometry, transcranial doppler (TCD), multimodal combination, brain compliance using ICP waveform (ICPW), HeadSense, and Visual flash evoked pressure (FVEP) were analyzed. Pupillometry was not found to correlate with ICP, while HeadSense monitor and the FVEP method appear to have good correlation, but sensitivity and specificity data are not available. The ONSD and TCD methods showed good-to-moderate accuracy on invasive ICP values and potential to detect IH in most studies. Furthermore, multimodal combination may reduce the error possibility related to each technique. Finally, ICPW showed good accuracy to ICP values, but this analysis included TBI and non-TBI patients in the same sample. Conclusions Noninvasive ICP monitoring methods may be used in the near future to guide TBI patients' management.

Resumo Antecedentes A causa mais frequente de morte em pacientes neurocirúrgicos é devido ao aumento da pressão intracraniana (PIC); consequentemente, o monitoramento adequado desse parâmetro é de extrema importância. Objetivos Avaliar na literatura científica os principais métodos não invasivos de medida da PIC em pacientes com traumatismo cranioencefálico (TCE). Métodos Os dados foram obtidos na base de dados PubMed, utilizando os seguintes termos: pressão intracraniana, não invasivo, monitoramento, avaliação e medida, resultando em 147 artigos. Os artigos selecionados datam de 1980 a 2021, sendo todos estudos observacionais ou ensaios clínicos, em inglês e especificando a medida da pressão intracraniana em traumatismo cranioencefálico. Ao final da seleção, 21 artigos foram incluídos nesta revisão. Resultados Foram analisados os seguintes métodos: diâmetro da bainha do nervo óptico (ONSD), pupilometria, doppler transcraniano (TCD), combinação multimodal, complacência cerebral por meio da análise de ondas intracerebrais (ICPW), HeadSense e visual evocado por flashes de luz (FVEP). A pupilometria não se correlacionou com os valores de PIC, enquanto que o monitor HeadSense e o método FVEP parecem ter uma boa correlação, mas os dados de sensibilidade e especificidade desses métodos não estão disponíveis. Os métodos ONSD e TCD mostraram acurácia de boa a moderada quanto aos valores de IPCi, além de bom potencial para detectar hipertensão intracraniana. Ademais, a combinação multimodal pode reduzir a possibilidade de erro relacionado a cada técnica. Por fim, o ICPW apresentou boa acurácia quanto aos valores de ICPi, mas, no estudo analisado, foram incluídos pacientes com e sem TCE em uma mesma amostra. Conclusões Métodos não invasivos de medição da PIC podem atuar no futuro no manejo de pacientes com TCE como uma potencial ferramenta de triagem para TCE grave e para a detecção de hipertensão intracraniana.

Identifying the risk factors for intracranial herniation in patients with cerebral venous thrombosis / Identificação dos fatores de risco para herniação intracranial em pacientes com trombose venosa cerebral

Abstract Background Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST) is not as well understood as an ischemic stroke of arterial origin. Although the prognosis of CVST is usually good, parenchymal lesions may occur in some patients, and the development of intracranial herniation may result in death. For this reason, recognizing the risk factors for intracranial herniation and accurately determining those patients who should undergo decompressive craniectomy is important. Objective This study aims to determine the risk factors for intracranial herniation in patients with CVST. Methods A total of 177 patients diagnosed with CVST between 2015 and 2021 in our tertiary center were retrospectively included in this study. Results Of the 177 patients, 124 were female and 53 were male with mean ages of 40.65 ± 13.23 and 44.13 ± 17.09, respectively. Among those, 18 patients had developed intracranial herniation. A significant statistical relationship was observed between superior sagittal sinus thrombosis, sinus rectus thrombosis, venous collateral score, nonhemorrhagic venous infarct, presence of malignancy, small juxtacortical hemorrhage, and cortical vein thrombosis. The binary logistic regression analysis results showed that the most significant variables were the venous collateral score of 0, malignancy, and small juxtacortical hemorrhages. Conclusion This study identified small juxtacortical hemorrhages, the presence of malignancy, and a venous collateral score of 0 to be independent risk factors for intracranial herniation in CVST patients. Drawing on these results, we recommend close clinical observation of CVST patients, as they may be candidates for decompressive craniectomy.

Resumo Antecedentes A trombose do seio venoso cerebral (CVST) não é tão bem compreendida como um acidente vascular cerebral isquémico de origem arterial. Embora o prognóstico de CVST seja geralmente bom lesões parenquimatosas podem ocorrer em alguns pacientes e o desenvolvimento de herniação intracraniana pode resultar em morte. Por esse motivo é importante reconhecer os fatores de risco para hérnia intracraniana e determinar com precisão os pacientes que devem ser submetidos à craniectomia descompressiva. Objetivo Este estudo tem como objetivo determinar os fatores de risco para herniação intracraniana em pacientes com CVST. Métodos Um total de 177 pacientes diagnosticados com CVST entre 2015 e 2021 em nosso centro terciário foram retrospectivamente incluídos neste estudo. Resultados Dos 177 pacientes 124 eram do sexo feminino e 53 do masculino com média de idade de 40 65 ± 13 23 e 44 13 ± 17 09 respectivamente. Destes 18 pacientes desenvolveram hérnia intracraniana. Uma relação estatística significativa foi observada entre trombose do seio sagital superior trombose do seio reto escore de colateral venosa infarto venoso não hemorrágico presença de malignidade pequena hemorragia justacortical e trombose da veia cortical. Os resultados da análise de regressão logística binária mostraram que as variáveis mais significativas foram o escore colateral venoso de 0 malignidade e pequenas hemorragias justacorticais. Conclusão Este estudo identificou pequenas hemorragias justacorticais a presença de malignidade e um escore colateral venoso de 0 como fatores de risco independentes para herniação intracraniana em pacientes CVST. Com base nesses resultados recomendamos uma observação clínica rigorosa dos pacientes CVST pois eles podem ser candidatos à craniectomia descompressiva.

Síndrome de hipertensión intracraneana como manifestación inhabitual del síndrome de Sjögren. Caso clínico

Neurological manifestations such as polyneuropathy are reported in 8-49% of cases with Sjögren's Syndrome (SjS), but central nervous system involvement is seldom described. We report a 46-year-old woman with a history of SjS with distal renal tubular acidosis and autoimmune thyroiditis. She consulted in the emergency room for a five-days history of holocranial headache and explosive vomiting. Fundoscopy showed bilateral papilledema. Brain computed tomography (CT) without contrast showed diffuse encephalic edema, with effacement ofsulci and restriction ofperitruncal cisterns. Brain AngioCT ruled out thrombosis, and brain magnetic resonance (MRI) was without structural alterations or hydrocephalus. Lumbar puncture had increased cerebrospinal fluid output pressure but without cytochemical alterations, and negative gram, cultures and filmarray. The diagnosis of Intracranial Hypertension Syndrome (ICHTS) ofprobable autoimmune etiology in the context of SjS was proposed, and management with high-dose corticosteroids was initiated with favorable clinical and imaging response.

Mechanism of action of oxidative stress in severe traumatic brain injury and its complications: recent progress / 中华创伤杂志

Severe traumatic brain injury (sTBI) is characterized by critical condition, high lethality and poor prognosis. Its development and progression will lead to the damage and death of a large number of nerve cells, eventually causing a series of serious complications. The current treatments of sTBI and its complications are not optimistic due to problems such as unclear mechanism of action, challenges in treatment, and lack of effective prevention strategies. In recent years, more research evidences have shown that oxidative stress plays an important role in the development and progression of sTBI and its related complications. Therefore, it is of great significance to clarify the relationship of oxidative stress with sTBI and its complications and to understand the way of oxidative stress participating in the development and progression of sTBI. However, relevant researches are scattered and there lacks comprehensive and systematic summaries of oxidative stress participating in sTBI and its related complications. To this end, the authors reviewed the progress of the mechanism by which oxidative stress involves in sTBI and its complications, hoping to provide references for the research, treatment and prevention of sTBI.

Research progress in the pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment for posttraumatic acute diffuse brain swelling / 中华创伤杂志

Posttraumatic acute diffuse brain swelling (PADBS) is a relatively common severe traumatic brain injury (TBI). Since it can lead to acute intracranial hypertension in a short time, the illness can be acute and critical, with a high disability and fatality rate. The pathogenesis of PADBS is still unclear, with the current theory consisting of acute cerebral vasodilation, cerebral edema and intracranial venous circulation disorder. For PADBS, there is still a lack of unified diagnostic criteria, and the indications and timing of decompression craniectomy remain controversial. The authors review the research progress in the pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of PADBS, hoping to provide some new ideas for its treatment.

Recognition and progress of idiopathic intracranial hypertension / 中国医师杂志

Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) is a syndrome of unexplained increased intracranial pressure with normal cerebrospinal fluid and without organic brain lesions. The etiology and pathogenesis of IIH remain unclear, and IIH patients may develop irreversible visual impairment. At present, there are no guidelines and expert consensus on diagnosis and treatment of IIH in China. This review aims to introduce the pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of IIH, in order to help clinicians improve their understanding of the disease and to identify, diagnose and treat IIH as early as possible, and improve the prognosis of patients.

Summary of the best evidence for intracranial hypertension care in adults with severe brain injury / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective:To summarize the best evidence of intracranial hypertension nursing for adult patients with severe brain injury, and to provide reference for clinical nursing practice.Methods:According to the evidence-based methodology, a systematic search of Chinese and English literature on intracranial hypertension nursing of adult patients with severe brain injury was conducted in domestic and foreign databases such as CNKI, Wanfang, PubMed, Cochrane Library and Cinahl Plus and so on, as well as related guide websites and professional association websites from the establishment of database to August 2022. Two researchers independently evaluated literature quality and screened evidence, and then the project team summarized and concluded the evidence.Results:A total of 6 009 articles were obtained through preliminary search, and 33 articles were included after screening, including 13 guidelines, 1 systematic review, 17 expert consensus, 1 evidence summary, and 1 meta-analysis. In total, 33 pieces of best evidence were obtained from 8 dimensions, including intracranial pressure related threshold, assessment and monitoring, respiratory care, circulation care, analgesic and sedative care, temperature care, nutrition care and cerebrospinal fluid care.Conclusions:This study summarizes the evidence-based basis of intracranial hypertension nursing in adult patients with severe brain injury, which provides a basis for the standardized construction of clinical nursing strategies and empirical research.

Several problems in the diagnosis and treatment of neonatal bacterial meningitis / 中华实用儿科临床杂志

Neonatal bacterial meningitis remains a common and life-threatening disease in newborns, with high mortality and morbidity.Despite its declining incidence in recent years, the rate of severe sequelae shows slight changes.The clinical manifestation of neonatal bacterial meningitis is atypical, and thus its diagnosis requires cerebrospinal fluid examination.Early detection and effective antibiotic treatment are the key to improve the survival rate.In addition, neonatal bacterial meningitis is often complicated with brain edema and intracranial hypertension, which would result in cerebral ischemia and hypoxia, and further aggravate brain injury.Therefore, more attention should be paid to the prevention and treatment of brain edema and intracranial hypertension while adopting antibiotic therapy in the treatment of neonatal bacterial meningitis.

Hipertensión intracraneal idiopática asociada a infección por COVID 19

Se presenta el caso de una paciente adulta joven con antecedente de ovario poliquístico e infección reciente por COVID 19 que inicia con cuadro de astenopia y visión borrosa junto con cefalea, se realiza fondo de ojo con papiledema bilateral, estudios de laboratorio y neuro imagen sin hallazgos positivos, también punción lumbar con presión de apertura elevada por lo que se diagnostica hipertensión intracraneal idiopática con posterior mejoría post punción.

The case of a young adult patient is presented with a history of polycystic ovary and recent infection by COVID 19 that starts with asthenopia and blurred vision along with headache, fundus examination with bilateral papilledema was performed, laboratory and neuroimaging studies without positive findings, also lumbar puncture with elevated opening pressure so idiopathic intracranial hypertension was diagnosed with subsequent post puncture improvement.

Dilated optic nerve sheath by ultrasound predicts mortality among patients with acute intracerebral hemorrhage / A bainha do nervo óptico dilatada na ultrassonografia prediz mortalidade na hemorragia intraparenquimatosa aguda

Abstract Background Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a deadly disease and increased intracranial pressure (ICP) is associated with worse outcomes in this context. Objective We evaluated whether dilated optic nerve sheath diameter (ONSD) depicted by optic nerve ultrasound (ONUS) at hospital admission has prognostic value as a predictor of mortality at 90 days. Methods Prospective multicenter study of acute supratentorial primary ICH patients consecutively recruited from two tertiary stroke centers. Optic nerve ultrasound and cranial computed tomography (CT) scans were performed at hospital admission and blindly reviewed. The primary outcome was mortality at 90-days. Multivariate logistic regression, ROC curve, and C-statistics were used to identify independent predictors of mortality. Results Between July 2014 and July 2016, 57 patients were evaluated. Among those, 13 were excluded and 44 were recruited into the trial. Their mean age was 62.3 ± 13.1 years and 12 (27.3%) were female. On univariate analysis, ICH volume on cranial CT scan, ICH ipsilateral ONSD, Glasgow coma scale, National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) and glucose on admission, and also diabetes mellitus and current nonsmoking were predictors of mortality. After multivariate analysis, ipsilateral ONSD (odds ratio [OR]: 6.24; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.18-33.01; p = 0.03) was an independent predictor of mortality, even after adjustment for other relevant prognostic factors. The best ipsilateral ONSD cutoff was 5.6mm (sensitivity 72% and specificity 83%) with an AUC of 0.71 (p = 0.02) for predicting mortality at 90 days. Conclusion Optic nerve ultrasound is a noninvasive, bedside, low-cost technique that can be used to identify increased ICP in acute supratentorial primary ICH patients. Among these patients, dilated ONSD is an independent predictor of mortality at 90 days.

Resumo Antecedentes A hemorragia intraparenquimatosa (HIP) aguda apresenta elevada morbimortalidade e a presença de hipertensão intracraniana (HIC) confere um pior prognóstico. Objetivo Avaliamos se a dilatação do diâmetro da bainha do nervo óptico (DBNO) através do ultrassom do nervo óptico (USNO) na admissão hospitalar seria preditora de mortalidade. Métodos Estudo multicêntrico e prospectivo de pacientes consecutivos com HIP supratentorial primária aguda admitidos em dois centros terciários. Ultrassom do nervo óptico e tomografia computadorizada (TC) de crânio foram realizados na admissão e revisados de forma cega. O desfecho primário do estudo foi a mortalidade em 3 meses. Análises de regressão logística, curva de característica de operação do receptor (ROC, na sigla em inglês) e estatística-C foram utilizadas para identificação dos preditores independentes de mortalidade. Resultados Entre julho de 2014 e julho de 2016, 44 pacientes foram incluídos. A idade média foi 62,3 (±13,1) anos e 12 (27,3%) eram mulheres. Na análise univariada, o volume da HIP na TC de crânio, DBNO ipsilateral à HIP, glicemia, escala de coma de Glasgow (ECG) e NIHSS na admissão hospitalar, e também diabetes mellitus e não-tabagista foram preditores de mortalidade. Após análise multivariada, o DBNO ipsilateral à HIP permaneceu como preditor independente de mortalidade (odds ratio [OR]: 6,24; intervalo de confiança [IC] de 95%: 1,18-33,01; p = 0,03). O melhor ponto de corte do DBNO ipsilateral como preditor de mortalidade em 3 meses foi 5,6mm (sensibilidade 72% e especificidade 83%) e área sob a curva (AUC, na sigla em inglês) 0,71 (p = 0,02). Conclusão O USNO é um método não-invasivo, beira-leito, de baixo custo, que pode ser empregado para estimar a presença de HIC em pacientes com HIP supratentorial primária aguda. A presença de DBNO dilatada é um preditor independente de mortalidade em 3 meses nesses pacientes.

STUDY OF PAPILLOEDEMA & ITS CAUSATIVE FACTORS IN A TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL

To study the etiology of papilloedema in north indian population. Our hospital based retrospective study enrolled 50 patients of papilloedema, who fullfilled our inclusion criteria. Demographic details, chief complains and detailed history was taken from all the patients. All the patients underwent blood pressure measurement by a mercury sphygmomanometer, Visual Acuity testing, Slitlamp Biomicroscopy, IOP measurement, Fundus examination. Fundus photographs were obtained using a fundus camera. Other investigations included B-scan, MRI, MRV, CT and required blood investigations were done wherever necessary. Although papilloedema occured in a vast variety of age group but maximum patients (32%) were from the age group of >18-31 years and males (64%) were more affected than females according to our study. 66% of the patients had good vision with papilloedema. In our study all the patients had bilateral papilloedema and 54% of patients were diagnosed with early papilloedema. Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension was the main etiology for papilloedema. In this study we concluded IIH (a diagnosis of exclusion) as the most common underlying etiology for papilloedema

Multidisciplinary management of idiopathic intracranial hypertension in pregnancy: case series and narrative review

Abstract Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) is a neurological condition characterized by raised intracranial pressure of unknown etiology with normal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) composition and no brain lesions. It occurs in pregnant patients at approximately the same frequency as in general population, but obstetric and anesthetic management of the pregnancy and labor remains controversial. In this article we provide a multidisciplinary review of the main aspects of IIH in pregnancy including treatment options, mode of delivery and anesthetic techniques. Additionally, we report three cases of pregnant women diagnosed with IIH between 2012 and 2019 in our institution.

Mensuración ecográfica del complejo nervio óptico-vaina en la hipertensión intracraneal / Ultrasonographic imaging of the optic nerve-sheath complex in intracranial hypertension

Objetivo: Determinar la relación entre el grosor del complejo nervio óptico-vaina, mensurado por ecografía y la hipertensión intracraneal. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo y longitudinal en 144 órbitas de 72 pacientes con diagnóstico clínico de hipertensión intracraneal. Una vez alcanzada la mejoría clínica, se les practicó ultrasonido orbitario al inicio del diagnóstico, el cual permitió mensurar la vaina meníngea, el nervio óptico, el complejo nervio óptico-vaina y la altura de la papila. Resultados: En la totalidad de los casos el grosor inicial de la vaina fue ≥ 3 mm, el del complejo nervio óptico-vaina > 5 mm, y la altura de la papila > 0,8 mm, mientras que el del nervio óptico no superó los 3 mm. Tras alcanzar la mejoría clínica se demostró disminución de todas estas variables, con excepción del nervio óptico, cuyo diámetro casi no se modificó. Algunas diferencias evidenciadas entre la primera y la segunda medición ecográfica fueron estadísticamente significativas. Conclusión: Por tanto, este proceder se ratifica como parte del monitoreo neurológico integral en pacientes con hipertensión intracraneal sospechada o confirmada(AU)

Objective: To determine the relationship between the thickness of the optic nerve- sheath complex as measured by ultrasound and intracranial hypertension. Methods: A descriptive and longitudinal observational study was performed in 144 orbits of 72 patients with a clinical diagnosis of intracranial hypertension. Once clinical improvement was achieved, orbital ultrasound was performed at the beginning of the diagnosis, which allowed measuring the meningeal sheath, the optic nerve, the optic nerve-sheath complex and the height of the papilla. Results: In all cases the initial thickness of the sheath was ≥ 3 mm, that of the optic nerve-sheath complex > 5 mm, and the height of the papilla > 0.8 mm, while that of the optic nerve did not exceed 3 mm. After reaching clinical improvement, a decrease in all these variables was demonstrated, with the exception of the optic nerve, whose diameter was almost unchanged. Some differences between the first and second ultrasound measurements were statistically significant. Conclusion: Therefore, this procedure is ratified as part of the full neurological monitoring in patients with suspected or confirmed intracranial hypertension(AU)

Evaluation of cerebral hemodynamics by transcranial Doppler ultrasonography and its correlation with intracranial pressure in an animal model of intracranial hypertension / Avaliação da hemodinâmica encefálica utilizando Doppler transcraniano e sua correlação com a pressão intracraniana em um modelo animal de hipertensão intracraniana

ABSTRACT Background: Transcranial Doppler has been tested in the evaluation of cerebral hemodynamics as a non-invasive assessment of intracranial pressure (ICP), but there is controversy in the literature about its actual benefit and usefulness in this situation. Objective: To investigate cerebral blood flow assessed by Doppler technique and correlate with the variations of the ICP in the acute phase of intracranial hypertension in an animal model. Methods: An experimental animal model of intracranial hypertension was used. The experiment consisted of two groups of animals in which intracranial balloons were implanted and inflated with 4 mL (A) and 7 mL (B) for controlled simulation of different volumes of hematoma. The values of ICP and Doppler parameters (systolic [FVs], diastolic [FVd], and mean [FVm] cerebral blood flow velocities and pulsatility index [PI]) were collected during the entire procedure (before and during hematoma simulations and venous hypertonic saline infusion intervention). Comparisons between Doppler parameters and ICP monitoring were performed. Results: Twenty pigs were studied, 10 in group A and 10 in group B. A significant correlation between PI and ICP was obtained, especially shortly after abrupt elevation of ICP. There was no correlation between ICP and FVs, FVd or FVm separately. There was also no significant change in ICP after intravenous infusion of hypertonic saline solution. Conclusions: These results demonstrate the potential of PI as a parameter for the evaluation of patients with suspected ICP elevation.

RESUMO Antecedentes: O Doppler transcraniano (DTC) é uma técnica não invasiva para a avaliação da hemodinâmica cerebral, porém existem controvérsias na literatura sobre sua aplicabilidade preditiva em situações de elevada pressão intracraniana (PIC). Objetivo: Investigar o fluxo sanguíneo cerebral pelo DTC e correlacioná-lo com as variações da PIC na fase aguda da hipertensão intracraniana em modelo animal. Métodos: Dois grupos de animais (suínos) foram submetidos a hipertensão intracraniana secundária à indução de diferentes volumes de hematoma, por meio da insuflação de balão intracraniano controlado com 4 e 7 mL de solução salina fisiológica (grupos A e B, respectivamente). Em seguida, administrou-se infusão venosa de solução salina hipertônica (SSH 3%). Foram coletados os valores dos parâmetros de PIC e DTC (velocidade sistólica [FVs], diastólica [FVd] e média [FVm] do fluxo sanguíneo cerebral), bem como o índice de pulsatilidade (IP). Comparações entre os parâmetros do DTC e o monitoramento da PIC foram realizadas. Resultados: Vinte porcos foram estudados, dez no grupo A e dez no grupo B. Correlação significativa entre IP e PIC foi obtida, principalmente logo após a elevação abrupta da PIC. Não houve correlação entre PIC e FVs, FVd ou FVm separadamente. Também não houve alteração significativa na PIC após a infusão de SSH. Conclusões: Esses resultados demonstram o potencial do IP como um bom parâmetro para a avaliação de pacientes com suspeita de elevação da PIC.

Idiopathic intracranial hypertension leading to bilateral optic atrophy in a patient with recent COVID-19 infection: a case report

Neurologic complications are common in patients hospitalisedwith COVID-19 infection. Most common complications are myalgias, headaches, encephalopathy and dizziness. Uncommon complications are stroke, motor and sensory deficits, seizures, ataxia and movement disorders. Multiple neuro-ophthalmological manifestations have also been reported in association with COVID-19. These complications may be the result of a range of pathophysiological mechanisms like hypoxic neuronal injury during active COVID-19 infection, RAS dysfunction, immune dysfunction and direct injury by the virus etc throughout the course of the disease. Here we reported a case of neuro-ophthalmic complication of Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) followed by bilateral optic atrophy in a middle-aged man with recent COVID-19 infection. He presented to the emergency with complaints of headache, dizziness and sudden painless bilateral diminution of vision for 3 days. His fundus examination was suggestive of bilateral papilledema, his MRI brain was normal and opening pressure of CSF was raised on lumbar puncture. His MRV was normal, there was no evidence of CSVT. He was started on steroids and acetazolamide. His headache improved but there was no improvement in visual acuity. Repeat fundus showed pale disc and MRI orbit was suggestive of bilateral optic atrophy.

Investigation of intracranial pressure in intensive care unit patients with delirium assessed by bedside ultrasound / 中华危重病急救医学

Objective:To explore the changes of intracranial pressure in intensive care unit (ICU) patients during the occurrence and evolution of delirium by using bedside ultrasound to measure the optic nerve sheath diameter (ONSD) to evaluate intracranial pressure.Methods:A retrospective observational study was conducted. Adult patients who developed delirium during hospitalization in the general ICU of Beihai People's Hospital from October 2020 to November 2021 were enrolled, and patients who did not have ultrasonographic ONSD records within 24 hours after the diagnosis of delirium were excluded. The ONSD measured before delirium was recorded as ONSD 0, the ONSD measured within 24 hours of the onset of delirium recorded as ONSD 1, and the ONSD reexamined after ONSD 1 recorded as ONSD 2. Patients were divided into intracranial hypertension group (ONSD 1 > 5 mm) and normal intracranial pressure group (ONSD 1 ≤ 5 mm) according to the size of ONSD 1. According to the outcome of delirium, the patients were divided into cured, improved, and non-improved groups. The reduction ratio of ONSD 2 to ONSD 1 in the three groups were calculated and compared. Pearson correlation test was used to analyze the correlation between fluid balance and ONSD changes after delirium. Results:There were 43 patients, including 40 cases in the intracranial hypertension group (the incidence rate was 93.0%), 3 cases in the normal intracranial pressure group, 23 cases were cured, 13 cases were improved, and 7 cases were not improved. In the intracranial hypertension group, 11 cases had ONSD 0 and ONSD 1 records, and ONSD 1 was significantly higher than ONSD 0 [mm: 5.88±0.61 vs. 5.34±0.57, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) -0.85 to -0.23, P = 0.003]. The reduction ratio of ONSD 2 to ONSD 1 in the cured group was significantly higher than that in the improved group and the non-improved group [(12.04±6.20)% vs. (5.68±4.10)%, (0.17±3.96)%; 95% CI were 2.37 to 10.33, 6.41 to 17.31, P values were 0.003 and 0.000, respectively]. The correlation analysis showed that the reduction ratio of ONSD 2 to ONSD 1 was negatively correlated with fluid balance ( r = -0.42, 95% CI was -0.66 to -0.10, P = 0.012). Conclusions:The incidence of intracranial hypertension in ICU delirium patients is high. A more pronounced decrease in intracranial pressure predicts a better delirium outcome. Dynamic ONSD measurement can provide valuable information for the prevention and treatment of delirium.